Phytophthora-citrus interactions and management strategies: a review

Citrus production is declining worldwide due to several biotic and abiotic factors. The diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. present major economic risks since they are soil-borne spread quickly if environmental conditions favorable, or irrigation poorly managed. species in all citrus-producing areas around the world causing significant losses crop yield affecting tree health. Bark infection, damping-off, root rot, gummosis, brown cortical rot among typical symptoms pathogenicity of depends mainly on specific interactions between isolates citrus cultivars. use molecular technologies has allowed study Phytophthora-citrus interactions, leading identification classes effector proteins secreted that challenge plant homeostasis contribute different ways disease development elucidation defense mechanisms employed host plant. Comprehensive management need time conquer for better health productivity.